ITO‐Free Indoor OPV Modules from Nonhalogenated Solvents

The growing market of the internet-of-things (IoT) accelerates development indoor organic photovoltaics. Very high performances up to 29% are already achieved under illumination with white light-emitting diodes intensities in range 500–1000 lux. However, topics relevant for mass production such as large area coating, use nontoxic solvents, and inexpensive electrodes hardly addressed thus far. Herein this work, an indium-tin-oxide-free device stack is presented, which shows very good performance many novel absorber materials both full sun light well illumination. Furthermore, lab-scale cells upscaled small modules that can power typical IoT devices. This includes transition from spin coating slot-die green solvents. Further, parallel resistance (RP) crucial low intensities, a detailed analysis carried out it found one-diode model RP being determined dark current–voltage characteristics reproduces behavior quite accurately. Efficiencies 19.3% on cell level above 17% 8.1 cm2 module eight interconnected 500 lux cold diode